Rbi’s Debt Management and Monetary Policy Essay

I have shown you in class, using the IS-LM model, how the above two roles of the RBI presents a conflict between the desired positions of the LM curve and therefore the equilibrium interest rate. Some of you have expressed interest in knowing more about this debate. Therefore here are the two opposing points of view. For the motion: On this side of the debate is the government which supports an independent Debt Management Office (DMO) that is separate from the RBI. The government has received support from the Report of the Internal Working Group on Debt Management which has pointed out three conflicts that arises from the present arrangement: â€Å"If the Central Bank tries to be an effective debt manager, it would lean towards selling bonds at high prices, i.e. keeping interest rates low. This leads to an inflationary bias in monetary policy.† Second â€Å"if the Central Bank tries to do a good job of discharging its responsibility of selling bonds, it has an incentive to mandate that banks hold a large amount of government paper.† Third, â€Å"if the Central Bank administers the operating systems for the government securities markets, as the RBI currently does, this creates another conflict, where the owner/ administrator of these systems is also a participant in the market.† The Percy Mistry Committee on Making Mumbai an International Financial Centre (IFC) recommended the setting up of an autonomous DMO by saying that â€Å"looking ahead, a sound public borrowing strategy for India would incorporate three elements. . . An independent Indian â€Å"debt management office† – operating either as an autonomous agency or under the Ministry of Finance – that regularly auctioned a large quantum of INR denominated bonds in an IFC in Mumbai. The size of these auctions would be substantial by world standards and would enhance Mumbai’s stature as an IFC.† The Raghuram Rajan committee on Financial Sector Reforms (A Hundred Small Steps) has argued against RBI providing the â€Å"investment banking† function to the government as â€Å"this involves a conflict of interest, since the government would benefit from lower interest rates, which the RBI has some control over. Investors in the bond market may also perceive the sale of bonds by RBI to be informed by a sense of how interest rates will evolve in the  future. Finally, the RBI is the regulator of banks. Banking supervision could be distorted by the desire to sell bonds at an attractive price.† Media commentators have also supported the motion. See for instance Ajay Shah writing in the Business Standard,Ila Patnaik writing in the Indian Express, Shruthi Jayaram writing in the Financial Express, S. Narayan writing in the Mint. Also see what the Stanford University’s Policy Brief and the Bank for International Settlements feel about this issue. Against the motion: Predictably the RBI is opposing the above views. See this Business Standard report which quotes RBI Governor Dr Subbarao as saying that â€Å"Only central banks have the requisite market pulse and instruments to aid in making contextual judgements which an independent debt agency, driven by narrow objectives, will not be able to do.† The Governor further said that in order to achieve monetary and financial stability, separation of debt management from central bank seems to be a â€Å"sub-optimal choice†. â€Å"The case for shifting debt management function out of the central bank is made on several arguments such as resolving conflict of interest, reducing the cost of debt, facilitating debt consolidation and increasing transparency. These advantages are overstated,† Dr Subbarao said. He said market borrowings are the major source of deficit financing at state level and such borrowings are exceeding the absorptive capacity of the market. â€Å"That makes it imperative to harmonise the market borrowing programmes of the Centre and the states. Separation of the Centre’s debt management from the central bank will make such harmonisation difficult,† Dr Subbarao added. He said even internationally, there is closer association between the central bank with sovereign debt management for proper monetary policy and financial stability. Also see this Business Line report which quotes Dr Subbrao as saying that â€Å"the learning from the recent global crisis is that those systems where central bank manages government debt are more effective. When fiscal deficit is as high as it is in India, it is not only about debt management in the conventional sense. It has larger implications for liquidity management and monetary policy transmission. The balance of advantage would lie in the RBI continuing to manage public debt until fiscal deficit comes down to very comfortable levels.† RBI’s internal research  supports the above view by demonstrating that interest rates have not been affected by the government’s borrowing programme (a point made by some of you in class). Some media commentators have also supported RBI’s view (see this article in the Economic Times). You will be amused to know that Dr Subbarao himself was an advocate of an independent DMO when he used to work for the government! The confusion over this issue was evidenced by the Rakesh Mohan Committee on India’s Financial Sector Assessment which opined in favour of an independent DMO with the chairman (an ex-deputy governor of the RBI) disagreeing with the committee’s view! Tailpiece: The RBI seems to have reconciled to the setting up of an independent DMO but is insisting that they be in charge of running the office (so much for independence)! See this report from the Financial Express. Finally you may enjoy reading this article from the Economic Times on â€Å"Chidambaram vs Subbarao: How conflicts between govt and RBI could lead to better policy-making†.

Water analysis

Students are tested for their knowledge of basic titration technique and proper usage of specific-use probes (those used for conductivity, alkalinity, and pH, chloride, nitrate and hardness detection) on Logger Pro software. The purpose of this comprehensive lab is to determine the chemical properties of public drinking water found at four specific locations in the Toledo Ohio area.Students test the various repertories of this drinking water by subjecting it to the following tests: pH tests, conductivity tests, total and phenolphthalein alkalinity tests, total hardness, chloride tests, and nitrates tests. With respect to the data collected In this lab, students also use conversion factors to calculate the parts per million. Following directions carefully and prudently Is crucial for the success of the experiment and as well to the fact that the testing will be finished during the lab period.Tests like these are perform daily by industrial water treatment plant in order to ensure the Toledo such the EPA to report its findings within a written deadline. Obviously reports of water quality that are not up to the government's standards, (all of the standards will be listed at a later section in the report) will be subjected to further testing and isolated from public access until the standards are met.This lab mimics the daily routines of employed chemists at these facilities on a smaller scale. Students that chose to enter such profession will be held responsible for using the techniques learned in this lab. Safety Information: Most of the chemicals used in this lab are dangerous. Avoid bodily contact, ingestion or any type of spills. Assume that all of the reagents used in the lab are poisonous.Rinse the pH probe thoroughly with distilled water. Place the probe into a small beaker that contains one of the two calibration buffer solutions. B. Choose Experiment, Calibrate†¦ , and select the Sensor Setup tab. With the button for Port 1 (or Channel CHI) depressed , confirm or choose the Sensor: pH probe and Calibration: PH. Select the Calibrate tab and click on Calibrate Now. C. Gently stir the buffer with the pH probe. When the voltage reading of the pH probe is stable. Enter the pH value of the buffer solution (read off of the bottle of buffer solution) to the nearest 0. 01 intoValue 1 and press Keep. D. Rinse the probe with Del water and then place it in a small beaker that contains the second calibration solution. When the reading is stable, enter the pH value of the buffer solution to the nearest 0. 01 into Value 2 and press Keep. Press K to store the calibration. E. Check that the calibration worked by placing the probe back into the buffer solution. If the displayed value does not match the value of the buffer, exit out of Logger and reopen the window. The displayed probe in pH 7 buffer until it is later needed. 4. ) Obtain a suitable size of sample to determine the PH. Ml is suitable for this experiment. Measure this amount of sample using a graduated cylinder. Transfer the sample too ml glass beaker. 5. ) Place the pH probe into the beaker containing the sample. Record the pH of the sample on your Data sheet. 6. ) Rinse the probe with Del water and dry it. Immediately place the probe back into the pH buffer. Conductivity Test: 1 . ) The experiment should already be open on the laptop. If not, select the Expo. 14 Conductivity icon that is on the desktop. 2. ) Double check that the switch box is set to 0-Phipps/CM. This corresponds to 0-magma/L TTS (Total Dissolved Solids).If necessary, you may change this setting to match your sample's value. A high range standard is available if needed. 3. ) Calibrate the conductivity probe using a two- point calibration. Use the low-and mid-range solutions to perform the calibrations. A. Initiate the calibration procedure in the software b. Place the Conductivity Probe into a standard solution with a low conductivity value (this should be between O – IPPP/CM or O- MGM/ L TTS†¦ Say 1 moms/CM). Be sure the entire elongated hole with the electrode surfaces is submerged in the solution ND that there are no air bubbles along the electrode surface.Wait for the displayed voltage to stabilize. C. Enter the value of the standard solution in the appropriately chosen units. D. Repeat the calibration using the medium conductivity (this is between O – Phipps†¦ Say mass/CM) 4. ) Analyze the sample's conductivity a. Using a rinsed ml graduated cylinder, measure ml of the sample. B. Transfer this amount to anther clean and dry beaker. C. Place the probe into the beaker containing the sample. D. Wait for the reading to stabilize. Record the conductivity on your data sheet. E. Convert the reading into MGM/L and pimp. Source: Conductivity Probe, Fernier Software and Technology via their website www. Fernier. Com/support/manuals/) Total and Phenolphthalein Alkalinity Tests: 1 . ) Measure 50 ml of your sample in a graduated cylinder. Transfer the samp le into a mall volumetric flask. 2. ) Add three to five drops of phenolphthalein solution to you sample. 3. ) Set up a titration apparatus (where the clean burette is clamped too ring stand). 4. ) Obtain about mall of sulfuric acid (HASPS) into a larger beaker. 5. ) Full the burette with HASPS up until a point above the calibration mark (Mol).Place a waste beaker under the burette. Open the stopcock and release the remaining HASPS to get rid of air bubbles. 6. ) Record the exact concentration of the HASPS into your data sheet. Record the initial burette reading to the nearest 0. 01 ml. Replace the waste beaker with the flask containing the sample. 7. ) Titrate the sample too colorless endpoint. The solution will be barely pink Just before the endpoint of the solution. Add a few drops of 10% tessellate solution to the sample (do this Just before the endpoint of your titration! ) Record the final volume of the HASPS used. A.Use the mixed indicator brochures green/methyl red) this samp le should be green at the beginning and the endpoint should be a yellow-straw color. B. If needed, refill the burette with more HASPS. Record the initial value into your data table. Sample will become colorless and then the next drop should give you the straw color. 8. ) Record the phenolphthalein alkalinity and total alkalinity in militarily and pimp. Total Hardness Test: 1 . ) Obtain ml of your water sample measured on a graduated cylinder. Transfer the sample too mall volumetric flask. 2. ) Add one scoop of Universe indicator to your sample.The color of the solution should be reddish pink. 3. ) Obtain bout mall of DEED. Record the concentration of your iterant. 4. ) Set up a similar titration thingy. Rinse a burette with Del and then with DEED. 5. ) Fill the burette with DEED up until the calibration mark. Place the waste beaker under the burette. Open the stopcock to remove air bubbles. Record the initial volume of DEED on your data sheet to the nearest 0. 01 ml. 6. ) Titrate th e sample until the color of the solution changes to light blue. 7. ) Report the total hardness in militarily and pimp. (Other Sources: Water Chemistry, ANAL ERROR, Kippering, Edith.CHEMICAL Lab Manual. 2013-2014) Results: pH and POOH values per each sample tested Total alkalinity and phenolphthalein alkalinity Carbonate, Hydroxide, or Bicarbonate alkalinity present? Carbonate, Hydroxide, and or Bicarbonate alkalinity Total Hardness and Non-Carbonate hardness of each sample Nitrates/Chlorides present Conductivity tests per each sample Sample Calculation used in Sample 4: pH: Value collected from pH probe: 6. 42 pH [H+} = (1. Owe-14)/ (3. 8+7) = 2. 6+8 M POOH = -log[OH-] = -log(2. E-8) = 7. 58 Total alkalinity: When a 100. 0 ml sample is titrated with 0. 010 M [HCI], 0. ml acid is the equivalent of 1. 0 pimp Cacao (source). Total Volume of acid titrated (for both phenolphthalein and brochures green methyl red indicators): 5. 21 ml 0. Ml acid/l . 0 pimp Cacao -? 5. 21 ml acid/ x pimp C acao 52. 1 pimp cacao Phenolphthalein alkalinity: *Due to a shortage in the amount of sample available for immediate testing only ml was used for the titration using phenolphthalein indicator. The calculations below are doubled in order to compensate for variables used in the proportion) * of 1. 0 pimp Cacao (source). Volume of acid titrated: 1. 51 ml 2(o. Ml pimp cacao) = 2(1. 51 ml acid)/xx 5. pimp cacao Carbonate Alkalinity Present? Carbonate alkalinity is present when phenolphthalein alkalinity is not zero, but is less than half of the total alkalinity (source). Half of Total alkalinity = 15. 1/2 = 26. 05 pimp cacaos o 15. 1 pimp cacaos 26. 05 pimp cacao Yes carbonate alkalinity is present because the phenolphthalein value (15. 1 pimp Cacao) is a nonzero number that is less than half of the total alkalinity of the sample (26. 05 pimp Cacao). Carbonate Alkalinity: Carbonate alkalinity = 2 (phenolphthalein alkalinity) = 2(15. 1) pimp (CO)2- = 30. 2 pimp (cacao)2- Anton Hydroxide A lkalinity Present?Hydroxide alkalinity is present if phenolphthalein alkalinity is more than half of the total alkalinity. 15. 1 pimp cacaos 226. 05 pimp cacaos This statement is false thereby proving that no hydroxide alkalinity is present in this sample of water. Hydroxide alkalinity: N/A Bicarbonate Alkalinity Present? Bicarbonate alkalinity is present if phenolphthalein is less than half of the total alkalinity (source). 15. 1 pimp Cacao 26. 05 pimp Cacao Yes bicarbonate alkalinity is present in this sample because the phenolphthalein alkalinity value (15. 1 pimp Cacao) is less than half of the total alkalinity of the sample 26. 5 pimp Cacao). Bicarbonate Alkalinity: Bicarbonate Alkalinity = T-UP = 21. 9 pimp HCI- Total Hardness of Sample: When a 100. 0 ml sample is titrated with 0. MM DEED, 0. 10 ml of DEED is the equivalent of 1. 0 pimp Cacao (Kippering, Lab Manual). *Due too shortage in the amount of sample available for immediate testing only ml was used for the titration us ing phenolphthalein indicator. The calculations below are doubled in order to compensate for variables used in the proportion) * Volume of DEED titrated: 5. 25 ml 2(0. 1 ml pimp cacao) = 2(5. 25 ml DEED)/XX pimp cacao x = 52. 5 pimpNon-Carbonate hardness of the Sample: This is the difference between the Total Hardness and the Total Alkalinity (52. 5 pimp cacao) – (52. 1 pimp cacao) = 0. 4 pimp cacao Observations: Each of the four samples collected were visually similar. Each were colorless, and mostly free of suspended particles. None exhibited any odors. The test done on sample 4 for hardness were dissimilar to the tests done on the previous samples because it form an orange complex with the Universe indicator rather than the more commonly found red color. This may have been due to improper cleaning of glassware.The phenolphthalein alkalinity test done for sample 3 was peculiar in that addition of large amounts of iterant did not produce a visible endpoint. Upon further inve stigative assistance from the TA it was confirmed that the water sample was already at its most acidic state recognizable by the phenolphthalein indicator. Discussion: The purpose of this lab was to simulate the government-run procedures done to analyze public drinking water, an important event that is mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Understanding the underlying methods for success at these series of experiments is what the main idea is.The series requires students to recall and implement various laboratory techniques in order to process the sample of water. It is a comprehensive review on the following: using computer software such as Logger Pro, calibration technique using various specific probes, titration, understanding the basics of geochemistry in chemical expressions, understanding the effects of pH on solutions, and overall safety awareness. Chemists use these techniques to tackle more complex problems. For now, the simpler â€Å"mint† experimen ts listed above are up for discussion. The first experiment done was the total hardness test.This involves the iterant, DEED which forms a dark red complex with the indicator Universe. Adding this iterant to the sample-indicator mixture causes the red color to fade. This is the result of the unknown metal action in the sample reacting with the DEED and getting rid of the red complex formed. Thus the solution color turns blue, which signals the student that the endpoint has been reached. Essentially the amount of DEED titrated determines the amount of unknown metal present in the sample. These metals are Ca+ and Approximation of the specific action present is heavily reliant upon the pH of the ample water.If the pH is above 12, then only the Ca+ action can be detected. The total hardness of sample 1 was reported at 119. 9 pimp Cacao. The extent to how hard the water is, is denoted by a scale of water hardness. The scale used here was taken from the Fairfax County Water Authority, a w ater treatment facility. It states that: soft water has less than 17. 1 pimp of metal particles, slightly hard water has 17. 1 – 60 pimp metal particles, hard water has 120-180 pimp metal particles, and very hard water has over 180 pimp metal ions present (â€Å"Explanation of Water Hardness†, www. Face. G The water in sample 1 is therefore moderately hard to hard. Sample 2, 3, and 4 contain slightly hard water. In addition the Non- carbonate hardness was also calculated. The results from both the total and non-carbonate hardness tests for each sample are shown in the graph titled, â€Å"Total Hardness and Non-carbonate Hardness of each sample†. The non-carbonate hardness tests accounts for different anions other than the carbonates that may be responsible the presence of dissolved salts in drinking water. Such anions include certain types of sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates (Kippering, Lab Manual).The non-carbonate hardness of each sample cannot be determined until a full assessment of the total alkalinity of each sample is done. Thus these calculations are held for the third section of this paper. The EPA does not have a standard or hardness of water. In fact, the National Research Council states that hard drinking water generally contributes a small amount of calcium and magnesium human dietary needs (â€Å"Explanation of Water Hardness†, www. Face. Org). How can we tell what ions are present in each sample? This is entirely dependent on the relative pH of the samples which is discussed in the next section.Determining the pH of all four samples is a simple procedure. As long as the pH probe is calibrated using the correct buffers each determination should give an accurate result. PH is a measure of the concentration of protons (H+) in a sample. Solutions containing large exponentially small concentration of hydrogen ion give a large value pH and the opposite is true for higher concentrations. This phenomenon occurs because measu rement of pH is measured on a logarithmic scale. The pH values given by the computer can be converted into hydrogen ion concentrations by taking the negative log of the pH of the sample.Chemists use the ion- product of water theory to convert hydrogen ion concentration to hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration. Simple use the equation: K = [HUH+] *[H+] and [HUH+] can be used interchangeably Using these equations students can effortlessly convert the pH of their samples into their corresponding hydroxide concentrations as noted in the graph titled, â€Å"pH and POOH values per each sample tested,† The pH of sample 1 is 5. 5, which is highly acidic. Sample 2 has a pH of 6. 02. Sample 3 has a pH of 6. 49, whereas sample 4 has a pH of 6. 42 all of the samples tested here contained slightly acidic eater.The EPA does not have a standard for pH because it is considered a secondary drinking water contaminant, which is aesthetic (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). Although the EPA does not regulate this property of water, the Ohio Department of Health does provide additional causes and effects of unnatural pH levels. They claim that the our water, the soil composition that the surface water runs though and a host of others (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). These causes are most relevant as they have a direct impact on the quality of our drinking water, which comes primarily from surface waters.As a result from continued use of basic water (pH above 7) people report bitter tasting water, and buildup of minerals in plumbing (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). As a result from continued use of acidic water, residents will have sour tasting water, and metallic staining (pH, www. Odd. Ohio. Gob). Extreme cases will undoubtedly cause bodily harm Just as the reagent used in lab. As stated earlier, both calcium and magnesium ions can be detected in samples at a pH lower than 12. Since all of the tested sample have lower pH values, we can conclude that there are both calcium and magnesium ions presen t.The following experiment tested each sample for total and phenolphthalein alkalinity. Alkalinity is a measure f the amount of basic ions in a sample (Kippering, Lab Manual). The procedure for alkalinity is titration. Students find the phenolphthalein alkalinity first by titrating the sample with the phenolphthalein indicator to a clear endpoint and recording the amount of iterant (HCI) used. A second indicator, (brochures green methyl red) is added to the sample and further titrated to a straw yellow color. Students use the amount of HCI added in the first titration to calculate the phenolphthalein alkalinity.Then they use the total amount of HCI titrated to calculate the total alkalinity. The following expression was used to calculate all of the entries for total and phenolphthalein alkalinity: when a 100. 0 ml sample is titrated with 0. 010 M [HCI], 0. 10 ml acid is the equivalent of 1. 0 pimp Cacao (Kippering, Lab Manual). Each calculation can be seen in the graphs titled, â₠¬Å"Total alkalinity and Phenolphthalein alkalinity'. All of the measurements are calculated in pimp Cacao. Sample 1 produced a phenolphthalein alkalinity of pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 181 pimp Cacao.Sample 2 reduced a phenolphthalein alkalinity of O pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 18. 9 pimp Cacao Sample three gave a phenolphthalein alkalinity of 10 pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 54 pimp Cacao. Lastly Sample 4 gave a phenolphthalein alkalinity of 15. 1 pimp Cacao and a total alkalinity of 52. 1 pimp Cacao. In addition to these two measurements, students were also required to calculate the carbonate, hydroxide, and bicarbonate alkalinity if at all present in the samples. The results table for these variables are found under the table titled, â€Å"Carbonate, Hydroxide, or Bicarbonate alkalinity present?If the samples met a certain criteria, then they tested positive for the three possible alkalinity's. Students could then use the three equations listed in their procedure and calculations sheet to calculate the alkalinity of the corresponding anion present. A trend can be note in the tables above. Samples that had no hydroxide alkalinity tested positive for carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity respectively. Samples 3 and 4 both shared carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity. Thus sources of carbonate solids are the main contributors to their alkalinity. Sample 1 is the only one that is positive for hydroxide alkalinity.Thus salts of hydroxide must be the main contributor to its alkalinity. PH and alkalinity are treated similarly by the EPA, as they are both regarded as secondary standards. They are not regulated. In general alkalinity is treated much the same as basic solutions are. Total alkalinity is needed to calculate the non-carbonate hardness. Now the values for total alkalinity done. Students simply subtract the total hardness by the total alkalinity. The values given show the amount of dissolved solids that are not carbonates (such as sulfate, nitrate and chloride salts). The last three tests are the most simple.They involve the usage of specific probes Just as in the experiment for pH determination. The next experiment tested the conductivity of the four samples. Conductivity is a measurement of electrical activity in a sample. After proper calibration of the software, students place the conductivity probe into the sample and enter the value on the data sheet. The standard value of water conductivity is given in as/CM. All of the entries for the four samples are located under the table titled, â€Å"Conductivity tests per each sample,† Distilled water has a conductivity of about 0. as/CM to 3 as/CM whereas many rivers along the U. S. Have conductivities as large as 50 to 1500 as/CM (Conductivity, water. EPA. Gob). The results from the four samples tested show that the drinking water in the Toledo area is much similar to that of the water in all of the U. S. Waterways. The high voltage could be due to the dense population of dissolved ions present in each sample. Such quantities could produce a small electrical gradient. The very last two experiments were Just like the last experiment. This time students tested their sample for nitrates and chlorides present.A nitrate-specific probe was seed for the nitrate analysis and the chloride specific probe was used or the chloride analysis. After properly calibrating the probes, students immersed the probes into each sample at a time and collected the data displayed on the computer. The entries for these two experiments are located below the table titled, â€Å"Nitrates/Chlorides present†. Each value is expressed using the standard units of MGM/L. According to the Ohio EPA, the standard amount or nitrates in public water is MGM/L (Water Quality Standards Program, www. EPA. Tate. Oh. Us). A value higher than this standard violates he sanctions set forth by the EPA and leads to further investigation of the problematic water. Each of the four samples had a value much less than the standard, proving that the public drinking water from the Toledo are is partially free from nitrates. Why are nitrates so bad? We must look way back to the original source of our drinking water- surface water. Surface waters from rivers and lakes can easily become tainted with contaminants such as pesticides, wastes, and fertilizers (rich in nitrates).Although presence of nitrate to us may not be a bad thing to us, it most certainly is to the environment. Sudden increase in such nutrient bound runoff causes extreme algal blooms consume large amounts of oxygen in the water. This in turn suffocates aquatic organisms. And pesticide in our drinking water obviously poses as a health concern. The maximum amount of chloride allowed in public drinking water is OMG/L according to the United States EPA (â€Å"Basic Information about Disinfectants in Drinking Water: Chlorine, Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide†,water. Pa. Gob). All four samples abi de by this regulatory standard. If the opposite had occurred the government would shut off the publics access to this eater. The chloride ion is very reactive, so in nature it is usually found attached to a group IA or AAA metal or to itself. By itself it can become dangerous. Error Analysis The probability of human error for this series of experiment is multiplied due to Mistakes were undoubtedly made; solutions were over-titrated, and probes were used that were not calibrated properly.One such example of human error is the source of the large difference between sample Xi's total alkalinity compared to the other three samples. This is a sign that a student over-titrated the solution. This exults in a volume of hydrochloric acid titrated that is larger than the actual value needed. Thus alkalinity value is higher because the calculation shows that a larger amount of acid was needed to neutralize the water sample. It gives the false impression that the sample was very alkaline/basic to begin with.To fix this, students should add iterant by the ml until resistance to color change takes longer, then add drop wise. Calibration of the probes was always an issue. Although the samples tested positive for the standards governed by the Environmental Protection agency, the results from the conductivity tests were a little high. Thus to FL this problem, he probes must be properly calibrate. To properly calibrate a probe means to immerse he sensitive head into the solution (so the small white dot is Just below the liquid surface) and enter the value of the corresponding standard into the computer.The one step that catches mot students is the waiting time. Impatience lead to improper calibration. Cross contamination of the probes by dipping them in the samples without cleaning them with denizen water and wiping them off with a clean towel could also have adversely affected the results from the experiment. Misinterpreting he values displayed on measurement instruments such as the graduated cylinder and the values on the computer could have led to tremendous error. Misuse of significant figures was a drawback caused by both the student and the computer.This applies mostly to the calculation of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions from pH values. The computer at lab showed pH values using both two one and two significant figures. Constant rounding up of number during calculations ay have alter the actual value of the hydroxide concentration slightly. Conclusion: The purpose of this series of experiment was to provide students a real-life application of nearly all of the techniques they have learned in their first year of general chemistry lab.The concept of the entire procedure was to show student how certain chemical species (like dissolved actions, anion, and organisms perhaps) interact in aqueous solution. The results from the series of experiments show that the various techniques used in college lab are similar to the ones used by employed chemists in w ater treatment plant. Where's the proof? Well by looking at the results from this lab and comparing them to the standards produced by the Environmental Protection Agency, one could say that they are quite similar.

Cultural Perspectives On Cultural Diversity - 977 Words

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Literature Review: Influencing Teacher Perspectives Meeting the needs of a diverse student population continuesRead MoreCultural Diversity in the Workplace Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesErica L. Munsey Cultural Diversity In The Workplace Sociology 220B There is presently more than 60% percent of the United States work force that consist of immigrants, minorities and woman. Current studies show that in the next 10 – 15 years such groups will rise to 90% in the work force. Today’s leaders are now confronted with the challenges of how to effectively manage the work force that is increasing in the diverse lines of ethnicity, physical abilityRead MoreDiversity Of A New Rocket Ship1696 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of diversity is an ever-growing discussion to encourage inclusion of different people, cultures, and backgrounds into the global marketplace. In my issue paper, I will explore the idea of diversity, its benefits, and how it can be included within key sectors of the business world. Diversity is an important factor to the business place that allows employees and customers to interact with companies that value their background as an essential part of their business plan company culture. ThereRead MoreAnalysis Of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie The Dangers Of A Single Story 986 Words   |  4 PagesChimamanda Ngozi Adichie, in a TED Talks presentation titled â€Å"The Dangers of a Single Story†, introduces her concept of the single story as having an incomplete perspective on topics such as race, gender equality, and sexual identity that translate to how people perceive each other. People who suffer from a single story rely on their partial judgment to make decisions about others rather than to make decisions on what is factual. Being exposed to various literature is crucial in avoiding the dangersRead MoreGlobalization Has Become The Root Of Changing The Demographic Diversity Of The Workforce857 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization has become the root of changing the demographic diversity of the workforce in an organization throughout the world. Diversity does not only imply race and gender, but it shows that every person is different and that their culture is char acterized as individual. Individuals in an organization have their own different customs, values, and perspectives; employers must be mindful of all of these differences. Successfully managing cultural differences would allow organizations to be more competitiveRead MorePerspectives on Diversity1400 Words   |  6 PagesPerspectives on Diversity The United States today is a society struggling with its own diversity. 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Theories of the Press - 1395 Words

Name: Sherisse Mohammed Subject: Recurrent Issues in Communication Arts Tutor: Peter Richards Topic: Of the four (4) theories of the press, which one adequately represents the situation in Trinidad Tobago? In 1956, three professors of communication; Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson and Wilbur Schramm, published their Four Theories of the Press which went a long way in establishing a classification in the minds of students and educators of journalism. The book was originally published to help give historical, philosophical and international perspective of the press. The four theories were namely the authoritarian theory, the libertarian theory, social responsibility theory and finally, the soviet totalitarian theory.†¦show more content†¦There s a duty to think before anything is published in media. The right to freedom of expression is not absolute; it s conditional upon acceptance of this social duty or obligation. If a publication systematically panders to vulgarity, sensationalism, or degradation of the human race, it has forfeited its moral right to freedom of the press. Individuals are also not allowed to deliberately lie, falsely publish, slander, or defame oth er individuals because doing so forfeits their social bond with others. Lies which are honestly mistaken beliefs, however, should be tolerated. In this theory, it is believed that mischief must face its consequences. Finally, the soviet communist theory was supported by the communist ideology Karl Marx and Frederiche Engels who proposed a system where power or governmental rule lay amongst just a few in societies who were judged to be the elite or high in social class. They went further to predict that there would be a revolution where the individuals of the lower class would overthrow those in power to form a classless society where everyone shared equal power and status. The media was therefore supposed to amplify or bring to light the concerns of the working class or less influential in society. They were not owned by the government but were to some extent controlled by it. The media was also not to be underShow MoreRelatedFour Theories of the Press1514 Words   |  7 PagesFOUR THEORIES OF THE PRESS ORIGINS OF THE THEORIES The â€Å"Four Theories of the Press† was by three professors, Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson and Wilbur Schramm, and since 1956, has come a long way. Over time, it has established a typology in the minds of journalism educators and students. The four theories are authoritarian, libertarian, social responsibility and soviet communist (Preserve Articles, 2012). AUTHORITARIAN THEORY Authoritarian is defined as favouring or enforcing strict obedienceRead MoreThe Concept Of Patient Needs Using Murrays Theory Of Human Press1438 Words   |  6 PagesKolcaba (1994) expanded the concept of patient needs using Murray’s (1938) theory of human press, hanging nursing concepts on his abstract framework and developing relationships between needs, interventions, outcomes, and comfort. Kolcaba (2003) created a diagram of the CT, substructed from the theory of human press. Researchers individualize the diagram, starting with line four. Each researcher then develops unique versions of lines five and six. Each item on line five should have a conceptualRead MoreArticle Review : Toward A Theory Of Press State Relations On The United States 1909 Words   |  8 PagesWithin this critical article review, I aim to assess and critically analyze the notions put forth by Bennett in his article titled ‘Toward a Theory of Press State Relations in the United States†™ (Bennett, 1990). In this article, Bennett formulates his indexing hypothesis, which, at its simplest level, predicts that news content will generally follow the boundaries of elite debate. This means that when elites agree on a matter, this consensus will be reflected in news media, whereas when elites disagreeRead MoreDoes the Theory of Evolution Contradict Creation?1326 Words   |  6 Pageschristianity These days , a number of the view that the theory of evolution as formulated by Charles Darwin is not against religion . There also was not convinced that the theory of evolution but still also contribute in teaching and redistribute it . This would not have happened if they really understand the theory. This is due to the inability to understand the dogma of Darwinism , including the views of the most dangerous of these theories are indoctrinated to the society . Therefore , for thoseRead MoreEssay on Colonial Oppression of Women1123 Words   |  5 Pagespower relationships are usually portrayed. Colonial and Postcolonial studies among other critical approaches provide a suitable critical discourse to analyze this issue in literary works. Feminist discourses share many similarities with postcolonial theory and for this reason the two fields have long been associative, even complimentary; both discourses are predominantly political and concern with the struggle against oppression an d injustice. Moreover both reject the established hierarchical, patriarchalRead MoreEssay on Theories of Causation of Crime and Its Solution 1250 Words   |  5 Pageshistory of criminal theory, spiritual and natural theories are taken as major theories of causation of crime. During medieval period, spiritual explanations were taken as punishment given by god for doing wrong things and any natural disasters like flood, fires, etc were evaluated as curse of high power. In modern period, the basic theories of causation of crime are classical theory, biological theory, psychological theory, cultural theory and conflict theory. The classical theory explains that freeRead MoreLiterary Theories And Literary Criticism1318 Words   |  6 PagesLiterary theories and literary criticism New Historicism 1. †¢ It is a literary theory based on the criticism of Stephen Greenblatt and philosophy Michel Foucault. †¢ It states that literature should be studied and interpreted in context with the author’s history as well as the history of the critic. †¢ Acknowledges that the author’s literature is influenced by his/her situations or surroundings. †¢ The critic’s response is also influenced by his/her surroundings, beliefs, values and prejudices. †¢ ShowsRead MoreMarx, Weber And Durkheim s Views On The Social1385 Words   |  6 PagesContemporary Sociological Theory, 2nd ed., edited by S. A. Appelrouth and L. D. Edles. Los Angeles, CA: Pine Forge Press/Sage Publications. Durkheim, Emile. 1895. â€Å"The Rules of Sociological Method.† Pp. 86-92 in Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory, 2nd ed., edited by S. A. Appelrouth and L. D. Edles. Los Angeles, CA: Pine Forge Press/Sage Publications. Durkheim, Emile. 1897. â€Å"Suicide: A Study in Sociology.† Pp. 103-113 in Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory, 2nd ed., edited by SRead MoreShort Story : Dear Boss Letter Essay1360 Words   |  6 PagesHundreds more letters were sent to both the press and the police. The Evening News speculated, â€Å"it is not necessarily assumed that this has been the work of the murderer, the idea that naturally occurs being that the whole thing is a practical joke.† Many newspapers considered the letters hoaxes written by members of the public. The postcard that arrived at the Central News Agency on October 1st was received before the double murder was made known to the press, supporting the notion that the Ripper himselfRead MoreSocial Cognitive Theory of Learning Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Cognitive Theory of Learning Social cognitive theory of learning is a theoretical perspective that focuses on learning by observing others and eventually assuming control over one’s own behavior (Ormrod, 2011, p.323). Social cognitive theory is a perspective that helps us understand about learning by observing other people doing the same thing. This theory is a blend of behaviorism and cognitive psychology (Ormrod, 2011). Behaviorism theory relates to learning as a stimulus- response relationship

The International Community Development Scholarship Program

As would be student at your University, I am honoured to have an opportunity to apply for the International Community Development Scholarship Program. Studying the programme would ensure I give a positive contribution to my country after finishing the course. I believe that community development workers input to the society is invaluable. Hence, I want to be aligned with a profession that assists the underprivileged in the society. I am committed to pursuing a career in social work. As evidenced from my transcript, I am an individual who thrives through hard work. Captivatingly, there is a Japanese proverb that states that, fall seven times, stand up eight. This proverb conjecture implies that the only way you can lose is by not getting up when you fall. Therefore, in the event that one falls and decides not to get up, they would surely have accepted defeat. Instinctively, if one stands up, there is a chance for hope, however, slender it might seem. Additionally, this quote means being persistent even though circumstances seem not permitting. Intriguingly, this is what drives me never to give up when I encounter difficult situations. Consequently, no matter how complicated situations are, I have a belief that even with stumbling blocks; I can succeed. Hence, if offered funding, I will be able to prove my uniqueness that helps me to succeed in challenging circumstances. The societal function is my inspiration, and the ideologies embraced by different politicalShow MoreRelatedMy Primary Reason Applying For A Scholarship875 Words   |  4 PagesMy primary reason applying for a Scholarship is to reduce the financial burden of graduate school. As a Social Work professional and a Master’s degree student at Durham University, I have a fair understanding of the burdens of research and earning a PhD in Education demands a lot of study and research projects which can only be successful when one is relax and free from all finance problems. I am determined to restructure social work education in regional West Africa to reflect the very nature ofRead MoreFinancing of University Education in Kenya1703 Words   |  7 Pagestraining of skilled manpower for economic development, public and private universities in developing countries especially those in Africa are facing financial crisis. Universities in Kenya gets financial aids from different sources which include; finances from parents, self finance, Banks-some banks give education loans to students or parents, cooperative societies, Constituency Development Funds[C.D.F], scholarships from educational institutions e.g universitiesRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility of Sime Darby838 Words   |  4 PagesNovember 2008. It works closely with the Sime Darby Group and its Divisions in areas of common | |concern. The foundation supports initiatives in the following five key areas: | |Community development | |Education Read MoreThe Concept Of Brain Drain, Brain Gain And Brain Drain1104 Words   |  5 Pagesculture. The research of Perna et al. (2015) reiterated the concept that brain circulation was especially important in countries with† transitioning economies† (p. 173). They indicated,† Government-sponsored student mobility programs may also promote human capital development in the home nation, as students returning from study abroad may contribute to faster creation of new knowledge and help other people acquire skills without any direct costs† (p. 174). This would have been the case in Saudi ArabiaRead MoreNcaa Division I Sports Teams Essay1013 Words   |  5 Pagesmajors, minors and pre-professional programs through their six colleges. These include the Colleges of Business, Nursing, Education, Fines Arts and Arts and Sciences. The university offers a popular honors program, study abroad opportunities and 19 NCAA Division I sports teams. This mission of the university is to offer students a small and independent community learning environment. The university has students from all states and a healthy number of international students. There are also many adultRead MoreEssay on Nursing Professional Organization802 Words   |  4 Pagesmission of this organization and it’s contributing factor and benefits to nursing. The impact of the organization on the community, the political stand point and supportive issues it has on nursing, the resources it provides on the web and to health professionals and the public, the choices for scholarship and continuing education, if any local chapters are located in the community and participation is allowed, my consideration of joining this organization, and advantages and disadvantages of participatingRead MoreEnglish Language Is Globally Important982 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish Language is Globally Important ï  ® English is the major language in such fields as international diplomacy, business and commerce, science and technology, and the travel industry. How did English become such an important global language? ï  ® British Colonialism ï‚ ¨ Took English to North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and the Indian sub-continent U.S. rise as a strong economic and strategic power ï  ® Pop Culture ï  ® English became the language of diplomacyRead MoreNew Colombo Plan Scholarship Application1440 Words   |  6 PagesSarah D Arcy New Colombo Plan scholarship application Academic Achievements I am a committed student with high personal goals. As demonstrated through my excellent university grades, I am a passionate learner and always aim to reach my full potential. I have received a congratulatory letter of excellence in seven of eight units studied at university so far. I engage in all practical and tutorial classes for every unit. I study to ensure the full benefit of my learning. Group study is a veryRead MoreAnalysis of Some of the Benefits of Study Abroad Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesIn 20th century, due to modern development in the field of science, history and technology, the people are interacting with each other through satellite and internet. It has now become a necessary for all governments to collaborate with each other in all sectors of life either related to the business or the education. It can be done only through the exchange of the language, culture, and traditions (Caffarella Daffron, 2013). The Middle East is an important location of the world bec ause of theRead MoreSchool Profile : Crown College Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pagesreligious prayers, services, ministries and supportive program. Crown College maintains membership through the Council of Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU), which includes more than 100 accredited educational institutions offer Christian faculty, administration and higher education programs. Around 20 percent of students are from 40 different countries. Local students who want to go abroad may participate in the Global Impact Team program that visit over 80 countries around the world. Crown

Ecological Economics Movement- Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Ecological Economics. Answer: Introduction The selected Journal article is based on topic namely Ecological Economics. The Journal is related to the deep analysis of the study and management of natures household (ecology) and humankinds household (economics).The overall analysis of the journal integrates the study regarding the environmental policies framed by the government is not beneficial for the environment in the long run. Moreover, this article focuses on the key elements of the environment which contributed majorly to the sustainable development. This article identifies sustainability development and contribution of economics towards the development of an environment in the long run (Reverchon and Nasser, 2013). The various studies and methodologies determine the key facts and findings regarding the technological, infrastructure, lifestyle and institutions from the past decades. Moreover, it focuses on the demand factor that needs drastic reductions of environmental burdens. For e.g. Greenhouse gases implied that current technology is not sufficient to cope with that issue. Moreover, another important element in the article focuses the innovations that offset the costs and burdens of the environmental regulations. Moreover, this article coherently explains the relationship between the innovations in techniques and their impact on the demand, supply and cost factors of the technology. It is assumed by the authors that new types of vehicles, renewable energy systems, and infrastructure need more innovations in their techniques. This article determines from the economic point of view it analyzed that changes in the technology and energy sector from the past decade is still far from the equilibrium factor (Smith Smith and Waters, 2012). Methodology As per the analysis of the particular journal article, authors depict the important findings and research on the various problems related to the ecological innovation. Moreover, it also identified that author used the theoretical or qualitative model to carry out the research issue significantly (Fontana and Sawyer, 2016). The researcher used the systematical and theoretical analysis of the methods in the field of study that is easy to identify the problems and opportunities in the field of research. Along with this, it is also determined that a technique which is used by the researcher is critics by some of the authors (Wilson, 2012). As compared to other articles from the similar problem it finds that current methodological and theoretical frameworks do not address the some of the important issues in the research significantly. Richardson, et al., (2015) argued that research needs can be identified to improve our understanding of innovation process towards sustainability in their different dimensions, complex feedback systems, and interrelations. On the other side, it can analyze from the different articles, this research article is devoted to the developing new methodologies, techniques and investigating the implications of various ideological assumptions. The theoretical implications or technique is helpful for the researcher to answers the research problems effectively (Spash, 2012). From this approach, the researcher effectively relates the movements of the economy with the ecology. The qualitative technique is used by the researcher to address the research problems with the aim of the detailed description of observations, including the context of events and circumstances. In this study, the researcher used the inductive methods to analyses the problems related to the issue (Costanza,et. al., 2014).The researcher assumed that inductive method is best for the study because it is based upon the qualitative technique. Assumptions The researcher assumes that three types of changes are important for the sustainable development (eco-innovation).Firstly, the role of the technological, social and institutional innovation helps the environmental regulations and lastly, the researcher assumes that double externality problem, push and pulls effect and the increasing importance of social and institutional innovation. The researcher assumes that increase in the demand of some important variables like technological and social changes will contribute positively in the ecological systems (Costanza, et. al., 2014). Moreover, the author also assumes the neo classical theories and coevolutionary approaches from environmental innovation economics to ecological research are discussed. Strengths and weaknesses of the Methodology Every research methodology has the positive and negative points of the study. From this particular article, it determines that research methodology has certain strengths and weaknesses. The strength of the research methodology is that it is based upon the qualitative technique that gives the end number of data regarding the research problem. From this method, the researcher has the number of sources to analyses the problem of the research and accomplishes the research objectives significantly. Similarly, it is also found that a number of variables are assumed by the researcher for a particular topic is wide that gives the appropriate results to the researcher regarding the research problem (Spash, 2013). Lastly, the inductive method is used by the researcher is beneficial for the research due to theoretical information. Besides this, the weaknesses in the research methodology are that researcher could not address the problems effectively in some areas due to the bias of information o r lack of proper sources. Findings from the research article It can be identified from the journal article that depicts that role of technological, social and cultural innovation impact on the sustainability development. Moreover, it is also found from the analysis of the article that changes in the demand, supply, and consumption of the resources increases or decreases the sustainable development in the long run. Moreover, it is also found from the author views that innovation in technology and sustainable methods develop the sustainable approach. It is also found that some of the researchers argues that neo classical theory of economics does not contribute much in the sustainable development (Alcott, 2012). Moreover, the researcher also finds that three important variables are the major reason that contributes into the economic innovations i.e. technology push, regulatory push and market push. These three variables contribute the major role in the sustainability development. Potential to impact on the environmental management or decision making in practice As per the overall analysis of the article, it can be identified that innovation in process, products, and organizations reduced the burden on the environment in the long term. It is also depicts from the study gives the appropriate evidence and solutions regarding the research problem which can help the management to improve the decision-making process of the environmental management. Moreover, environmental economics like changes in the tax regime and tradable permits has been the important lessons from the environmental economics. These instruments have been identified as environmental policy instruments with highest dynamic efficiency. Similarly, technological innovations like revise the criteria of the technology in auto industries are according to the combustion level of the cars (Daly, 2013). These parameters help companies to reduce the level of emissions from the transport helps to sustainable development in the long run. Moreover, the push concept of the economics enables companies to produce eco-friendly products which contribute an important role in the environmental management. On the others side, it is also identified from the double externality problem reduces the incentives for firms to invest in eco-innovations. Innovation policy cuts the costs of the technological, institutional and social innovation, especially in the phases of invention and market introduction. For instance, by financial support for new projects and in diffusion stage it also improves the performance of characteristics of eco-innovations (Rezai, Taylor and Mechler, 2013). As per the above studies and theories discussed in the article, it seems that it lacks in some areas of the studies which hamper the decision making the process of the environmental management. References Alcott, B., (2012) Population matters in ecological economics.Ecological Economics,80, pp.109-120. Costanza, R., Cumberland, J.H., Daly, H., Goodland, R., Norgaard, R.B., Kubiszewski, I. and Franco, C., (2014) An introduction to ecological economics. CRC Press. Daly, H., (2013) A further critique of growth economics.Ecological economics,88, pp.20-24. Fontana, G. and Sawyer, M., (2016) Towards post-Keynesian ecological macroeconomics.Ecological Economics,121, pp.186-195. Reverchon, S. and Nasser, W., (2013) Dickeya ecology, environment sensing and regulation of virulence programme.Environmental microbiology reports,5(5), pp.622-636. Rezai, A., Taylor, L. and Mechler, R., (2013) Ecological macroeconomics: An application to climate change.Ecological Economics,85, pp.69-76. Richardson, L., Loomis, J., Kroeger, T. and Casey, F., (2015) The role of benefit transfer in ecosystem service valuation.Ecological Economics,115, pp.51-58. Smith, T.M., Smith, R.L. and Waters, I., (2012)Elements of ecology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. Spash, C.L., (2012) New foundations for ecological economics.Ecological Economics,77, pp.36-47. Spash, C.L., (2013) The shallow or the deep ecological economics movement?.Ecological Economics,93, pp.351-362. Wilson, R.F., (2012)Energy, ecology, and the environment.UK: Elsevier.

The Burning of Unwanted Brides free essay sample

I sat in front of my computer struggling to come up with an idea for my AP Studio Art concentration. I wanted to pick a topic relevant in today’s society, while managing to stay true to myself. In addition, I wanted to avoid the ever so popular teenage angst ideas. Including, but not limited to: death, being alone in the world, and being misunderstood. Contrary to what most of adult society believes the typical high school teenager to be, I am not this generation’s Holden Caulfield (although, I do often wonder where the ducks go in the winter.) I am simply not teenage angst. Over the summer, I became interested in the topic of feminism and the study of women’s rights, and when it came time to choose a topic I decided this would be a nice place to begin my research. Almost instantly, I came across the issue of bride burning – a form of domestic violence practiced in parts of India, and its surrounding countries. We will write a custom essay sample on The Burning of Unwanted Brides or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In bride burning, it is said that the husband douses his wife with kerosene and sets her on fire, in most cases leading to her death. The husband is given the right to burn his wife if she refuses to pay the extra dowry demanded by him, or if he simply grows tired of her. I was immediately struck by the topic and delved into more research. During one particular day of research, I forced myself to type â€Å"bride burning† into the Google Images search engine, and was brought near to tears by what I found. Images of women who had barely survived the burning filled the page. Their half charred faces and terrified expression stared at me, as chills were sent down my spine. I immediately sympathized with the women in the pictures, and was overcome with the urge to hop on a plane to India and save all women affected by this tradition. Soon after, however, it struck me that flying to India was not – atleast at that time – possible, nor practical. What I saw that day had a profound impact on me, and inspired the first piece of my concentration – which focuses on the varying challenges faced by women from culture to culture. In order to finish my first piece, I commissioned the help of one of my best friends, Brittany, asking her to model for me. Brittany’s family is 100% Sri Lankan, and – having known her since kindergarten – I have grown very close to them. As I was photographing her, I began explaining the idea behind my piece and the topic of my concentration. She was very interested in my ideas and, after going home, shared my visions with her mother and grandmother. Her grandmother, whom was visiting from Sri Lanka, immediately began rattling off the names of family’s she knew had been affected by bride burning. I was lucky enough to interview her grandmother, where she discussed not only her personal accounts of bride burning, but also her experiences growing up and living in Sri Lanka. My discovery of bride burning and my disturbance at its existence led to my passion for the issue, and my interest in other areas of human rights. It changed the way I am approaching my AP Studio Art concentration, but also the way I formulate opinions on social issues and view other cultures. My time spent in art has taught me the importance of diversity and acceptance. In order to improve the conditions of women across the world, we need to learn more about their culture and be accepting of it – not try to deny them of it or change it. Art has inspired me to want to make a difference. Advanced Placement Studio Art has allowed me to work independently and encouraged me to freely explore my thoughts and ideas – an opportunity which few high school students receive. It has pushed me above and beyond my boundaries, and forced me to think beyond that of a typical high school student. I have had the opportunity to meet incredible people, and share in many incredible experiences. It has opened me up to an entire world beyond that of my suburban backyard, and has made me want something more than what is expected of me.